Hello, everyone! \ud83d\ude00<\/p>\n
Sejam bem-vindos e bem-vindas a mais um epis\u00f3dio da nossa nova s\u00e9rie de podcasts, o Fluency News<\/em>! Aqui, voc\u00ea vai treinar sua escuta e ficar por dentro do que est\u00e1 acontecendo no mundo, sempre com as tr\u00eas principais not\u00edcias da semana, tudo em ingl\u00eas! Durante o epis\u00f3dio, adicionamos explica\u00e7\u00f5es em portugu\u00eas das partes que precisam de mais aten\u00e7\u00e3o, garantindo que voc\u00ea compreenda tudo sem perder nenhum detalhe.<\/p>\n O epis\u00f3dio desta semana foca nos vencedores do Pr\u00eamio Nobel de 2020<\/strong>, anunciados no come\u00e7o de outubro. Falamos sobre os ganhadores nas categorias de f\u00edsica, medicina, paz, literatura e economia<\/strong>. Para saber mais sobre as vencedoras do Pr\u00eamio Nobel de Qu\u00edmica<\/strong>, n\u00e3o deixe de conferir o epis\u00f3dio anterior!<\/p>\n Toda semana temos um novo epis\u00f3dio do Fluency News<\/em>, ent\u00e3o n\u00e3o deixe de escutar!<\/p>\n What is up, everyone! Welcome to the tenth episode of Fluency News! Can you believe we\u2019ve gone through 10 of these episodes already? I\u2019m so glad you\u2019re here with me, and if you\u2019ve been here from the beginning, thank you so much! We appreciate you! And, if this is your first episode, don\u2019t worry! We\u2019re thrilled to have you here too!<\/p>\n Oh man, I got so excited that I didn\u2019t even introduce myself! I\u2019m Scott Lowe, part of the Fluency Academy team, American born and raised, but Brazilian at heart. Para aproveitar o fato de eu ser brasileiro de cora\u00e7\u00e3o, depois das not\u00edcias, voc\u00ea vai explorar um pouco mais do universo ingl\u00eas comigo, com pequenas explica\u00e7\u00f5es em portugu\u00eas em partes que acharmos mais importantes.<\/p>\n And today\u2019s episode is extra special because it\u2019s themed! The Nobel Prize winners were announced last week, and we covered the chemistry recipients in our last episode. This time, we\u2019re going to talk about the winners in the physics, medicine, literature, peace and economic sciences categories. So, let\u2019s get started!<\/p>\n The Nobel Prize for Physics, announced on October 6, was shared by three laureates. One half went to Roger Penrose, now at the University of Oxford, for \u2018the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity\u2019. The other half is shared by Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany, and Andrea M. Ghez of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), for \u2018the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy\u2019. A statement from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which selects the awardees for the Prize, said the three laureates were awarded \u201cfor their discoveries about one of the most exotic phenomena in the universe, the black hole\u201d.<\/p>\n Ghez, who is only the fourth woman to receive the Physics Nobel, shared half the prize with German astrophysicist Reinhard Genzel, who independently observed the astonishing acceleration of stars in the galactic center. Astrophysicists now believe that supermassive black holes reside at the center of all galaxies and played a role in the formation of galaxies from the primordial soup of matter in the early universe. And primordial soup is a great name for a band! What do you think? A metal band, maybe? \u201cWe are Primordial Soup!\u201d. I\u2019d listen to them.<\/p>\n The other half of the prize went to Roger Penrose, a British mathematical physicist cited for his discovery that the existence of black holes is one of the bizarre implications of Albert Einstein\u2019s general theory of relativity, in which gravity is associated with the curvature of space and time.<\/p>\n Dawn was still many hours away in California when G\u00f6ran K. Hansson, secretary general of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, phoned Ghez to tell her that she had been laureated. About an hour later, she spoke by phone to reporters in Stockholm, discussing the thrills of her research and her hopes that this new recognition will inspire more women to enter the field of physics.<\/p>\n Asked what she thought when she first saw signs that something mysterious was lurking at the center of the galaxy, she said: \u201cI think the first thing is doubt. You have to prove to yourself you\u2019re really seeing what you think you\u2019re seeing. Doubt and excitement.\u201d<\/p>\n She added, \u201cWe have no idea what\u2019s inside the black hole, and that\u2019s what makes these things such exotic objects.\u201d<\/p>\n Ghez has received many honors, including a MacArthur Foundation \u201cgenius\u201d award. She was the first woman to receive the Royal Swedish Academy\u2019s Crafoord Prize. A graduate of MIT, where she majored in physics, and the California Institute of Technology, where she received her doctorate, she has been on the UCLA faculty since 1994.<\/p>\n On Tuesday, she told reporters she feels particularly passionate these days about the teaching side of her profession.<\/p>\n \u201cI take very seriously the responsibility of being the fourth woman to win the Nobel Prize,\u201d Ghez said. \u201cI hope I can inspire other young women into the field. It\u2019s a field that has so many pleasures, and if you\u2019re passionate about the science, there\u2019s so much to be done.\u201d<\/p>\n This year\u2019s physics Nobel honored the theoretical side of black holes \u2014 Penrose\u2019s work \u2014 and the observational side, the investigations of Ghez and Genzel.<\/p>\n The fact that this year\u2019s prize would somehow involve black-hole physics was hinted at by Hansson in his opening statement: \u201cThis year\u2019s prize is about the darkest secrets of the universe.\u201d<\/p>\n The usually packed room at the academy was mostly empty amid restrictions in place because of the coronavirus pandemic. Hansson said this year there would be no in-person Nobel celebration in Stockholm in December. Aw man, the biggest party of the year? The Nobel celebration? Cancelled? Oh, man, I can\u2019t believe it.<\/p>\n Genzel, 68, is a professor at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics near Munich and also has an appointment at the University of California at Berkeley. Penrose, 89, is an emeritus professor at the University of Oxford who a half-century ago collaborated with Stephen Hawking to develop theories about the existence and nature of black holes.<\/p>\n Penrose did not invent the term \u201cblack hole,\u201d but, the academy said Tuesday in its scientific brief describing the prize, \u201cIt was after Penrose\u2019s discoveries that \u2018black hole\u2019 finally stuck as the name for this exotic gravitational anomaly.\u201d<\/p>\n The academy\u2019s brief cites four of Hawking\u2019s papers, including one co-authored with Penrose. Hawking, who died in 2018, never won a Nobel Prize. Several scientists opined Tuesday that Hawking probably would have shared a Nobel with Penrose had he lived. The academy does not award prizes posthumously.<\/p>\n \u201cThe one piece of sadness is that Stephen Hawking is not alive to share the theory half of the prize with Roger Penrose,\u201d David Spergel, director of the Center for Computational Astrophysics in New York, said Tuesday in an email.<\/p>\n In announcing the prize, the academy cited an article Penrose wrote in 1965, a decade after Einstein\u2019s death, in which he said black holes really exist. \u201cHis groundbreaking article is still regarded as the most important contribution to the general theory of relativity since Einstein,\u201d the academy wrote.<\/p>\n University of Chicago physicist Michael S. Turner on Tuesday called Penrose \u201ca brilliant mathematician who turned his amazing skills to understanding Einstein\u2019s theory at a time when there were still doubts about even the mathematical reality\u201d of black holes.<\/p>\n Turner said Einstein did not fully understand the implications of his own theory. \u201cIt took another generation of brilliant physicists to figure it all out, not because of Einstein\u2019s limitations but because of the richness of the theory,\u201d Turner said.<\/p>\n Black holes are among the strangest features of the universe. Along with people who put ketchup on pizza. Yes, they are some of the strangest features of the universe. Come on, I\u2019m totally kidding. Anyway, black holes. They are formed from collapsed stars, with their matter so compressed by gravity that, according to the equations of general relativity, space becomes infinitely curved. Light cannot escape the gravity well. In 2019, scientists revealed the first direct image of a black hole \u2014 a supermassive black hole at the center of Messier 87, a galaxy in the constellation Virgo.<\/p>\n Ghez and Genzel, backed by teams of researchers and using some of the world\u2019s largest telescopes, separately published findings in the 1990s and 2000s that provided observational support for the existence of a supermassive black hole \u2014 or something acting suspiciously like one \u2014 in the center of our own galaxy in a region known as Sagittarius A*.<\/p>\n The tremendous speed at which stars move in that region suggests they are influenced by the gravity of a supermassive object. What that object is, exactly, is unknown, but as the Swedish Academy put it in announcing the prize, \u201ca supermassive black hole is the only currently known explanation.\u201d<\/p>\n While they did not observe the black hole directly, they instead scrutinized individual stars whose motion implied the presence of something creating a powerful gravitational field. Our sun makes a full orbit of the galaxy over the course of about 230 million years, but near the center of the galaxy, a few speed-demon stars have orbits of less than 20 years, including one of just 11.5 years described in a 2012 paper in the journal Science co-authored by Ghez.<\/p>\n The mysterious \u201csomething\u201d at the galactic center appears to have the mass equal to 4 million suns.<\/p>\n The observations of the stars in the galactic center were technically challenging, even with huge telescopes employed by Ghez in Hawaii and Genzel in Chile. The core of the galaxy is crowded with stars, and the scientists needed to pick out individual stars amid the swarm. The distances involved are immense \u2014 about 26,000 light-years \u2014 and the motions of those faraway stars hard to detect. The observations took many years, even decades.<\/p>\n Abundant dust interfered with the view, so the scientists had to observe in the dust-penetrating near-infrared portion of the spectrum. And they had to find a way, through what is known as adaptive optics, to correct for the distortions created by Earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n Tuesday\u2019s announcement came as something of a surprise to the physics community, simply because the academy usually rotates the prize through areas of the sprawling field, which covers everything from the smallest subatomic particle to the vastness of the universe. But for the second year in a row, the academy honored work in cosmology and astrophysics.<\/p>\n Em ingl\u00eas, a palavra \u201claureate\u201d passou a significar emin\u00eancia ou associa\u00e7\u00e3o com pr\u00eamios liter\u00e1rios ou grandes conquistas militares. Em portugu\u00eas, significa \u201claureado\u201d ou \u201claureada\u201d, mas o termo n\u00e3o \u00e9 muito usado fora de contextos acad\u00eamicos. Em ingl\u00eas, ela tornou-se sin\u00f4nimo de \u201cvencedor de pr\u00eamios\u201d.<\/p>\n The 2020 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to three scientists for their work in discovering the Hepatitis C virus.<\/p>\n The scientists who receive the award jointly are Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles Rice.<\/p>\n In the 1960s, it was found that many unexplained cases were suffering from a virus other than Hepatitis A and B. This Hepatitis C virus is transmitted through blood, via shared syringes, infected blood transfusions, and even via some sexual practices. The infection spreads quickly through the body, and many cases have been found asymptotic.<\/p>\n It becomes riskier as it damages the liver’s function slowly over time, ultimately leading to cancer. Many patients require liver transplants, and some even die.<\/p>\n The work by Alter, Houghton, and Rice has led to accurate blood test screening for Hepatitis C. This will help in the early diagnosis of the virus in the body and can save millions of lives worldwide.<\/p>\n In the 1970s, Harvey Alter, 85, a researcher at the National Institutes of Health, and his team hinted at the existence of a virus other than Hepatitis A and B.<\/p>\n Later, in the 1980s, Michael Houghton, 69, worked on hepatitis at the Chiron Corp. in California with two associates Qui-Lim Choo and George Kuo. He isolated the virus\u2019s genetic sequence and formally named the Hepatitis C virus. He now is the Li Ka Shing professor of virology at the University of Alberta in Canada.<\/p>\n Further, Charles Rice, 68, professor at Rockefeller University, researched chimpanzees that added crucial details and sealed the research. He developed lab tools and methods that isolated the virus.<\/p>\n Alter, Houghton, and Rice\u2019s research and years of work have led to the development of many life-saving treatments. Many of these are in regular use today. According to WHO, over 71 million people are affected by Hepatitis C worldwide, with over 400,000 deaths every year. The worst-hit areas are India, Eastern Europe, Egypt, and parts of Asia.<\/p>\n The drug, when it came out a decade ago, cost around $40,000. It has become a quarter of it now. However, the work is still on. Researchers worldwide, including Dr. Houghton, are working to develop a vaccine for Hepatitis C.<\/p>\n \u201cFor the first time in history, the disease can finally be cured, raising hopes of eradicating hepatitis C virus from the world population,\u201d the Nobel Committee said in a statement.<\/p>\n Palavras como quickly e slowly s\u00e3o adv\u00e9rbios em ingl\u00eas. Eles s\u00e3o f\u00e1ceis de identificar, porque t\u00eam o sufixo -ly ap\u00f3s um adjetivo. Esse sufixo cria adv\u00e9rbios, e \u00e9 usado para descrever o modo como algo \u00e9 feito. Nos nossos exemplos, significam rapidamente e vagarosamente. Em poucas palavras, o sufixo -ly \u00e9 o equivalente ao -mente do portugu\u00eas. VagarosaMENTE, rapidaMENTE, malandraMENTE, entedeu?<\/p>\n The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded on Thursday to Louise Gl\u00fcck, one of America\u2019s most celebrated poets, for writing \u201cthat with austere beauty makes individual existence universal.\u201d<\/p>\n Gl\u00fcck has written numerous poetry collections, many of which deal with the challenges of family life and growing older. They include \u201cThe Wild Iris,\u201d for which she won a Pulitzer Prize in 1993, and \u201cFaithful and Virtuous Night,\u201d about mortality and grief, from 2014. She was named the United States\u2019 poet laureate in 2003.<\/p>\n At the Nobel announcement, Anders Olsson, the chair of the prize-giving committee, praised her minimalist voice and especially poems that get to the heart of family life.<\/p>\n \u201cLouise Gl\u00fcck\u2019s voice is unmistakable,\u201d he said. \u201cIt is candid and uncompromising, and it signals this poet wants to be understood.\u201d But he also said her voice was also \u201cfull of humor and biting wit.\u201d<\/p>\n Reached at her home in Cambridge, Mass., on Thursday morning, Gl\u00fcck said she was \u201ccompletely flabbergasted that they would choose a white American lyric poet.\u201d<\/p>\n She was stunned, she said in the interview, to receive the award when so many other exceptional American poets and writers have been overlooked. \u201cWhen you think of the American poets who have not gotten the Nobel, it\u2019s daunting,\u201d she said. \u201cI was shocked.\u201d<\/p>\n Born in New York City in 1943, Gl\u00fcck grew up on Long Island and from an early age was drawn to reading and writing poetry. Her parents read her classical mythology as bedtime stories, and she was transfixed by the tales of Greek gods and heroes \u2014 themes she would later explore in her work. She wrote some of her earliest verses when she was 5, and set her mind to becoming a poet when she was in her early teens. She struggled with anorexia as a teenager, a disease she later attributed to her obsession with purity and achieving control, and almost starved herself to death before eventually recovering through therapy.<\/p>\n She began taking poetry workshops around that time, and attended Sarah Lawrence College and later Columbia University, where she studied with the poet Stanley Kunitz. She supported herself by working as a secretary so that she could write on the side. In 1968, she published her first collection, \u201cFirstborn.\u201d While her debut was well received by critics, she wrestled with writers\u2019 block afterward and took a teaching position at Goddard College in Vermont. Working with students inspired her to start writing again, and she went on to publish a dozen volumes of poetry.<\/p>\n In much of her work, Gl\u00fcck draws inspiration from mythological figures. In her 1996 collection, \u201cMeadowlands,\u201d she weaves together the figures of Odysseus and Penelope from Homer\u2019s Odyssey with the story of the dissolution of a modern-day marriage. In her 2006 collection, \u201cAverno,\u201d she used the myth of Persephone as a lens to mother-daughter relationships, suffering, aging and death.<\/p>\n Gl\u00fcck\u2019s verses often reflect her preoccupation with dark themes \u2014 isolation, betrayal, fractured family and marital relationships, death. But her spare, distilled language, and her frequent recourse to familiar mythological figures, gives her poetry a universal and timeless feel, said the critic and writer Daniel Mendelsohn, the editor at large for The New York Review of Books.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen you read her poems about these difficult things, you feel cleansed rather than depressed,\u201d he said. \u201cThis is one of the purest poetic sensibilities in world literature right now. It\u2019s a kind of absolute poetry, poetry with no gimmicks, no pandering to fads or trends. It has the quality of something standing almost as outside of time.\u201d<\/p>\n In an interview in 2012, Gl\u00fcck described writing as \u201ca torment, a place of suffering, harrowing.\u201d Rather than a means of self exploration, she views poetry as a way to extract meaning from loss and pain.<\/p>\n Throughout her career, Gl\u00fcck has returned to familiar themes but has experimented with new poetic forms. \u201cI think you have always to be surprised and to be in a way a beginner again,\u201d she said on Thursday. \u201cOtherwise I would bore myself to tears.\u201d<\/p>\n Her sentences are often spare and pared down and sculpted, and can feel almost oracular at times, conversational at others.<\/p>\n \u201cLike many great poets, she is always reforming herself,\u201d said Jonathan Galassi, president of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, who has edited Gl\u00fcck since 2006. \u201cOnce she finishes something, it\u2019s sort of dead to her, and she has to start over again.\u201d<\/p>\n This summer, Gl\u00fcck finished work on a new poetry collection, titled \u201cWinter Recipes From the Collective,\u201d which explores the indignities and the surreal comedy of aging and mortality, and will be released by FSG next year.<\/p>\n Literary critics and fellow poets have long admired her intensely distilled language and her unflinching self-examination.<\/p>\n Gl\u00fcck is the first female poet to be awarded the prize since Wislawa Szymborska, a Polish writer, in 1996. Other poets to have received the award include Seamus Heaney, the Northern Irish poet, who won in 1995. She is the first American to win since Bob Dylan in 2016.<\/p>\n She will give her Nobel lecture in the United States because of coronavirus travel restrictions, said Mats Malm, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize.<\/p>\n Many in the book world celebrated the academy\u2019s selection of Gl\u00fcck as a worthy choice made based on purely literary merits. It marks a much-needed reset for the academy and for the literature award, which has been plagued by controversies and scandals in recent years.<\/p>\n Last year, the academy was criticized after it awarded the prize to Peter Handke, an Austrian author and playwright who has been accused of genocide denial for questioning events during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s \u2014 including the Srebrenica massacre, in which about 8,000 Muslim men and boys were murdered.<\/p>\n The Nobel Prize in Literature, which is given for a writer\u2019s entire body of work and is regarded as perhaps the world\u2019s most prestigious literary award, comes with a prize of 10 million Swedish krona.<\/p>\n For Gl\u00fcck, who has always had a complicated relationship to literary renown, winning the Nobel felt like a long shot, and she found herself unsettled by the news on Thursday.<\/p>\n \u201cI thought my chances were very poor, and that was fine, because I treasure my daily life and my friendships, and I didn\u2019t want my friendships complicated, and I didn\u2019t want my daily life sacrificed,\u201d she said. \u201cBut there\u2019s also a kind of covetousness. You want your work honored. Everyone does.\u201d<\/p>\n A poetisa vencedora do pr\u00eamio Nobel \u00e9 conhecida por seu grande conhecimento de palavras, e voc\u00ea pode ter notado algumas que ainda n\u00e3o conhecia. Flabbergasted, por exemplo, \u00e9 uma palavra grande e divertida de falar, que significa \u201cpasmo\u201d ou \u201cpasma\u201d. A palavra \u201cgimmicks\u201d significa \u201ctruques\u201d, ou \u201cartif\u00edcios\u201d. Por fim, a palavra covetousness, que ela usou para descrever parte de seus sentimentos a respeito de ganhar ou n\u00e3o o pr\u00eamio, significa \u201ccobi\u00e7a\u201d.<\/p>\n This year’s Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to the World Food Programme (WFP) for its “efforts to combat hunger” and its “contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas.”<\/p>\n The Nobel committee said that work by the organization, a United Nations agency, to address hunger had laid the foundations for peace in nations ravaged by war.<\/p>\n \u201cIn the face of the pandemic, the World Food Program has demonstrated an impressive ability to intensify its efforts,\u201d Berit Reiss-Andersen, the chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said as she announced the prize in Oslo. \u201cThe combination of violent conflict and the pandemic has led to a dramatic rise in the number of people living on the brink of starvation,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n In many nations, particularly those at war, the combination of conflict and the pandemic has sharply increased the number of people on the brink of starvation. As the global fallout from the pandemic began this spring, the World Food Program estimated that the number of people experiencing life-threatening levels of food insecurity could more than double this year, to 265 million.<\/p>\n The World Food Program \u2014 the largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security internationally \u2014 last year provided assistance to nearly 100 million people in 88 countries.<\/p>\n The Nobel committee\u2019s recognition of a United Nations agency comes as the United States under President Trump has very publicly pulled back support for the global organization.<\/p>\n Since he took office in 2017, the United States has withdrawn from several United Nations bodies and slashed funding for others, although World Food Program contributions have increased. Mr. Trump has contended that the United States is shouldering an outsized financial responsibility for the global body as compared with other countries.<\/p>\n In the spring, Mr. Trump halted funding to the World Health Organization, a U.N. agency that has been coordinating the global response to the pandemic.<\/p>\n The World Food Program, established in 1961 after a proposal by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, has been a major behind-the-scenes player helping people affected by some of the world\u2019s most devastating humanitarian disasters, including famine in Ethiopia in the 1980s, wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.<\/p>\n Several United Nations and World Food Program leaders mentioned in their responses to the Nobel Peace Prize that the program depended on voluntary funding to be able to carry out its work.<\/p>\n The organization has long faced problems funding some of its largest operations, such as in South Sudan, where seasonal rains and conflict have disrupted food availability for as long as the program has existed. Most recently, it began a campaign to fund its Yemen operations, where a yearlong conflict has led to the world\u2019s worst humanitarian crisis.<\/p>\n \u201cThe world is in danger of experiencing a hunger crisis of inconceivable proportions if the World Food Program and other food assistance organizations do not receive the financial support they have requested,\u201d the Nobel committee said.<\/p>\n In a telephone interview to the New York Times, David Beasley, the program\u2019s executive director, said the prize had turned an important spotlight on the millions who go hungry around the world and on the devastating consequences of conflict.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s the first time in my life I\u2019m speechless,\u201d he said, adding that it was both wonderful and bad news to receive, because it highlighted not only the work being done, but also the depth of the need for it.<\/p>\n Mr. Beasley said it was an \u201cindictment of humanity\u201d that anyone could want for food \u201cin a time when there is so much wealth in the world.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s a call to action,\u201d he said of the prize. \u201cThe world is suffering more than in any time period, and we literally will be facing famines of biblical proportions if we don\u2019t act.\u201d<\/p>\n Nessa hist\u00f3ria e nas outras que n\u00f3s j\u00e1 vimos hoje, eu usei palavras como \u201cstrongest\u201d, \u201clargest\u201d, \u201cdarkest\u201d, e usei a palavra \u201cmost\u201d com alguns adjetivos diferentes. Essas palavras s\u00e3o o que n\u00f3s chamamos de superlativos. Usamos o superlative quando estamos falando de algo que \u00e9 o “mais” de todos. Por exemplo, o Monte Everest \u00e9 o mais alto do mundo. O Vaticano \u00e9 o menor (mais pequeno) pa\u00eds, enquanto a R\u00fassia \u00e9 o maior (mais grande). Por via de regra, palavras que cont\u00eam a partir de 2 s\u00edlabas ou mais, s\u00e3o acompanhadas de MOST. No entanto, h\u00e1 exce\u00e7\u00f5es: h\u00e1 casos em que apenas adicionamos -EST, assim como fazemos em palavras curtas.<\/p>\n \u00c9 que os idiomas s\u00e3o arbitr\u00e1rios, h\u00e1 muitas exce\u00e7\u00f5es para o que chamamos de regras! Mesmo pessoas fluentes em ingl\u00eas, ou nativos como eu, \u00e0s vezes precisam checar qual \u00e9 a forma correta.<\/p>\n Believe me, this is true. The word \u201cfun\u201d, for example, \u201co mais divertido\u201d is it \u201cfunnest\u201d or \u201cmost fun\u201d? I don\u2019t know, I forget. I have to go look it up.<\/p>\n And lastly, we talk about the Economics prize. American economists Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson have been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in economics for their contributions to auction theory, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said on Monday.<\/p>\n Milgrom and Wilson, who are both professors at Stanford University in California, were recognized for theoretical discoveries that improved how auctions work. According to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, they also designed auction formats for goods and services that are difficult to sell in a traditional way, such as radio frequencies.<\/p>\n “This year’s Laureates in Economic Sciences started out with fundamental theory and later used their results in practical applications, which have spread globally. Their discoveries are of great benefit to society,” Peter Fredriksson, chair of the prize committee, said in a statement.<\/p>\n Diane Coyle of the University of Cambridge, UK, says that the Nobel, announced on 12 October, will be widely welcomed. \u201cThese two not only did foundational work themselves\u201d, she says, \u201cbut also inspired cohorts of younger researchers.\u201d<\/p>\n Economist Preston McAfee of Google agrees. \u201cI, and thousands like me, use the fruits of their work on a daily basis to make markets work better \u2014 to improve pricing, to manage incentives, to facilitate decision-making, to increase efficiency.\u201d<\/p>\n Their research has intersected with computer science and communications engineering to lay the foundations for many online platforms, Coyle adds.<\/p>\n Economist John Kagel of Ohio State University in Columbus, USA, called it \u201can outstanding selection\u201d.<\/p>\n Online platforms such as eBay have raised public awareness of some of the complexities of auctions. There are many ways to stage them: for example, in a so-called \u201cEnglish auction\u201d the item on offer simply goes to the highest bidder; whereas in a \u201cDutch auction\u201d the selling starts from a high price, and bidders submit the price they are willing to pay.<\/p>\n But bidding is affected by many more factors that might reduce the seller\u2019s final profit, cause losses for the winning bidder, create inefficiencies of allocation, or harm the public good. The work of the two laureates has helped to reduce these problems and to suggest new, more efficient ways for auctions to be conducted.<\/p>\n One problem is that different bidders can have different degrees of knowledge about an item for sale. For example, in a property auction, all bidders for a property will have access to some public information such as its resale value. But other kinds of information \u2014 such as hidden structural damage \u2014 will be private and not known to everyone.<\/p>\n A bidder who does not have such information might end up overpaying if they want to buy the property. They might be able to infer what others know about the value if bids are public \u2013 and people start to drop out \u2013 but not if bids are private.<\/p>\n In the late 1960s and 1970s, Wilson showed what happens to prices and profits in auctions when bidders have different degrees of private information.<\/p>\n Furthermore, if information about a property is highly uncertain \u2014 if the nature of the neighborhood is rapidly changing, say \u2014 that could make buyers cautious and reduce the seller\u2019s profit. In the 1980s, Milgrom \u2014 a former doctoral student of Wilson\u2019s \u2014 developed models (partly in conjunction with Robert Weber of Northwestern University) that showed there is then an incentive for sellers to gather and share expert information with bidders, within different auction formats. The predictions of how such public information helps prevent losses to sellers and increases their revenue have been born out by experiments, says Kagel.<\/p>\n Auctions can be more complex when the goods for sale are divisible into parts or batches \u2014 for example, when governments sell licenses to companies bidding to operate in energy, telecommunications or transportation markets. One issue for such auctions is that sellers are vulnerable to collusion between buyers to keep the buying price down. Wilson\u2019s work in the 1970s helped to identify these problems and to design new auctions to avoid them, for example in markets for electricity provision.<\/p>\n The sales of items might also be interdependent. A classic example in the 1990s was the sale of radio-frequency bands to telecom companies for mobile-phone networks \u2014 which many countries decided was best done through auctions.<\/p>\n If rights to frequency bands were simply auctioned region by region, a national telecoms company couldn\u2019t be sure of acquiring the same frequency everywhere. And the value to them for one region would depend on whether they could buy the same frequency band elsewhere. The resulting patchwork of coverage would be inconvenient for users too.<\/p>\n To tackle such problems, Milgrom and Wilson (and independently, McAfee) devised the simultaneous multiple-round auction (SMRA). Here, bidders can place bids over several rounds of bidding. This gives them a chance to glean something about others\u2019 private information while bidding, creating fairer and more efficient outcomes.<\/p>\n This approach was used in 1994 for auctioning telecom licenses in the United States, and has been adopted in Canada, India, and several European and Scandinavian countries. Milgrom has also devised other formats that ease some of the shortcomings of the SMRA.<\/p>\n \u201cUnlike many theoreticians, Wilson and Milgrom brought their work to the real world, and transformed government policies toward auctions around the world,\u201d says McAfee.<\/p>\n \u201cThere was no question that these two would win the Nobel prize at some point,\u201d says economist<\/p>\nComo aproveitar este podcast<\/h2>\n
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\n \nIngl\u00eas<\/th>\n Portugu\u00eas<\/th>\n Exemplo em Ingl\u00eas<\/th>\n Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do Exemplo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n Nobel Prize<\/strong><\/td>\n Pr\u00eamio Nobel<\/td>\n The Nobel Prize is awarded every year in several categories.<\/em><\/td>\n O Pr\u00eamio Nobel \u00e9 concedido todos os anos em v\u00e1rias categorias.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Laureate<\/strong><\/td>\n Laureado(a) (vencedor de um pr\u00eamio)<\/td>\n This year\u2019s Nobel laureates made significant discoveries in medicine.<\/em><\/td>\n Os laureados do Nobel deste ano fizeram descobertas significativas na medicina.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Physics<\/strong><\/td>\n F\u00edsica<\/td>\n The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists.<\/em><\/td>\n O Pr\u00eamio Nobel de F\u00edsica foi concedido a tr\u00eas cientistas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Medicine<\/strong><\/td>\n Medicina<\/td>\n The Nobel Prize in Medicine recognized advances in virus research.<\/em><\/td>\n O Pr\u00eamio Nobel de Medicina reconheceu avan\u00e7os na pesquisa de v\u00edrus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Peace Prize<\/strong><\/td>\n Pr\u00eamio da Paz<\/td>\n The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to an organization fighting hunger.<\/em><\/td>\n O Pr\u00eamio Nobel da Paz foi concedido a uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o que combate a fome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Literature<\/strong><\/td>\n Literatura<\/td>\n The Nobel Prize in Literature honored a poet this year.<\/em><\/td>\n O Pr\u00eamio Nobel de Literatura homenageou um poeta este ano.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Economics<\/strong><\/td>\n Economia<\/td>\n Two researchers won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their work on auctions.<\/em><\/td>\n Dois pesquisadores ganharam o Pr\u00eamio Nobel de Economia por seu trabalho sobre leil\u00f5es.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n Transcri\u00e7\u00e3o do epis\u00f3dio:<\/h2>\n